Parallel universes are the subject of Brian Greene’s latest book (at the time of writing) The Hidden Reality subtitled Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos (2011) in which he postulates the existence of no less than 9 parallel multiverses, each stemming in its own way from many of the laws of the cosmos we are familiar with in other contexts: the quilted multiverse, the inflationary multiverse, the brane and cyclic multiverse, the landscape multiverse, the quantum multiverse, the holographic multiverse, and the simulated and ultimate multiverses. In the braneworld scenario, our universe exists on a 3 dimensional brane, which floats in a higher dimensional expanse potentially populated by other branes, in other words other parallel universes. It also included membranes (2-branes) with 2 spatial dimensions and 3 branes with 3 spatial dimensions and so on. So by this stage, string theory was not just a theory that contained strings. The more precise mathematical methodology of M-theory revealed a universe with 10 spatial dimensions and one of time, in other words 11 spacetime dimensions. The original mathematics which produced this result were perturbative (that is, approximate) with the result that one of the spatial dimensions was too small to be seen based on the assumption that the string coupling was small. In the original mathematics of string theory this extended all the way up to all up to 9 branes, strings being really one-branes. One insight emerging from M-theory is the concept of branes - spatially extended objects arising from the mathematics of the theory which stretch into extra dimensions, for example the two-dimensional two brane and the three-dimensional three brane.
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